Do Pink Drinks Have Caffeine? Here’s What I Found Out
Starbucks’ pink drinks have become an Instagram sensation due to their delicious flavor and bright hue. You may be curious to know whether or not they have caffeine.
The sweet strawberry pink drink—with its combination of coconut milk and strawberry acai base—is caffeine-free. For instance, Starbucks’ Pink Drink has green coffee extract mixed in, which gives the beverage a bit of caffeine.
This makes it a good lighter option for anyone who’s seeking a little energy boost. The best way to determine how much caffeine is in other pink drink alternatives is by checking the ingredients.
- Pink drinks are colorful and fashionable drinks that Starbucks made popular. They mix the sweet, tangy taste of fresh fruit with luscious, smooth creams, and who doesn’t love pink?
- As for the caffeine, that comes from the strawberry acai base. It enhances your energy levels without the jitters of regular coffee.
- Customization options allow consumers to have their drinks their way. They can order it with a different milk or sweetener to suit their dietary needs or personal tastes.
- Health-conscious consumers want to know nutritional factors, including calories and sugar levels. They have the option to change ingredients to make their meals healthier.
- DIY pink drinks are a cute and cheap way to get your mom’s favorite drink! You can make it your own by playing with flavor, mouthfeel, and caffeine content!
- Enjoying pink drinks in moderation allows for a treat while still being conscious of making healthier choices that align with individual health and wellness objectives.
What Are Pink Drinks?
Pink drinks have recently been the rage in the drink industry. Their striking pink hue and sweet and fruity flavor profile have made pink drinks a social media staple! These sweet, sugary drinks, which were made famous by Starbucks, are dangerous in more ways than one.

They’re specifically formulated with a blend of indistinct ingredients to provide a one-of-a-kind, all-encompassing experience. They’re based on that classic Strawberry Acai Refresher, blended with smooth coconut milk at their core. In doing so, they’ve concocted a refreshing and mildly sweet-and-sour drink that has taken the world by storm.
That bold pink hue, which comes straight from the ingredients, ensures it’s just as pretty as it is delicious. The subtle pink colouring, bright fruit flavors, and unexpected tartness combine to create an aesthetic and delicious drink, perfect to enjoy in the summer sunshine.
That combination of bright, fruity flavors with the fluffy creaminess of the whipped topping makes for a delightful dessert that feels both airy and decadent. This equilibrium has coffeehouse regulars returning for refills since time immemorial. It draws in everyone who simply wants an amazing beverage.
Aside from their flavor, pink drinks have found their way into a cultural space. It’s no surprise that pink drinks are often found in social media influencers’ feeds, with more than 528,000 Instagram hashtags highlighting their aesthetic appeal. The drink’s evolution from “secret menu” item to permanent addition on Starbucks menu speaks to its impact and ongoing popularity.
Ingredients in Pink Drinks
Pink drinks are developed on four primary ingredients that create a harmonious connection of flavor, texture and visual attributes. Here’s what makes them stand out:
Ingredient | Function |
Strawberry Acai Juice Base | Adds fruity flavor and color |
Coconut Milk | Provides creaminess and richness |
Freeze-Dried Strawberries | Enhances tartness and texture |
Ice | Creates a chilled, refreshing consistency |
Each ingredient is essential. The strawberry acai juice base is what gives the drink its fruity taste and signature color. We use coconut milk, which provides a rich, creamy dairy-free alternative that balances out the fruitiness.
Tart, juicy strawberries pair this drink with sweet freeze-dried strawberries, which ups the yummy tart flavor and brings a fun texture too. Ice is essential. It not only keeps the drink cold and refreshing, but helps the pink drink become a perfect hot day sipper.
If you’re a fan of customizing your drinks, make sure to replace the coconut milk with almond milk or oat milk. You’ll be surprised to find a completely different take on taste and mouthfeel! You can reduce the sweetness to suit your taste by asking for less syrup to be added.
Flavor Profile of Pink Drinks
The pink drink flavor is a delicious combination of fruity and creamy deliciousness. The strawberry and coconut milk combo makes for an impressive balance of sweet and creamy that tastes rich and indulgent.
The drink’s sweetness is offset by an almost fruity tartness, provided by the freeze-dried strawberries and the acai base. That balance is what makes the drink so attractive to almost any palate. Whether you like your drinks fruity or not as sweet, everyone can appreciate it!
The coconut milk contributes to the creaminess, but helps make the drink feel a bit lighter than creamier dairy-based drinks. It’s not overpowering to the fruity notes, yet it mixes perfectly, allowing for refreshing, invigorating sips of this pink drink.
It’s this sweet and tangy balance of flavors and textures that makes pink drinks so universally loved. They manage to be indulgent and refreshing at the same time, hitting all your sweet cravings without weighing you down.
Popularity and Appeal of Pink Drinks
So what’s behind the sudden popularity of pink drinks? First, their visual aesthetic is hard to miss. The pretty pink color absolutely jumps out at you and looks amazing in pictures.
That’s what makes it so photogenic—it’s popular on social media sites like Instagram for a reason! The drink’s aesthetic pairs well with any theme, whether minimalistic or vibrant backgrounds, making it even more shareable.
Social media, of course, has been at the center of pink drinks’ cultural takeover. Instagram posts, hashtags, and Yelp reviews all quickly showcase the drink’s aesthetic appeal and novelty, prompting others to order one for themselves.
Customers love how refreshing and satisfying the drink is. A lot of people love it for having fewer calories than other drinks at Starbucks. Even better, a tall size has only 110 calories, so it’s a treat you can feel good about enjoying while keeping an eye on what you’re consuming.
The pink drink’s dairy-free quality only makes it more attractive, providing an option for those with dietary restrictions. Starbucks’ coconut milk is no ordinary coconut milk. It has additional ingredients to help with texture and flavor.
The drink’s versatility is what makes it special. Its widespread popularity helped cement its reputation as a go-to menu item.
Do Pink Drinks Have Caffeine?

1. Caffeine Content in Pink Drinks
Yes, the Pink Drink contains caffeine, sourced from its Strawberry Açaí Refresher base. With moderate caffeine levels, this beloved Starbucks creation is an excellent choice for anyone seeking a light and refreshing burst of energy. A tall serving has only around 35 milligrams of caffeine, while a grande offers 45 milligrams, and a venti provides 75 milligrams. The largest size, the trenta, has a remarkable 90 milligrams, making it a worthy beverage for those who enjoy a caffeine boost without the intensity of classic coffee drinks.
A tall Pink Drink has less than 1-2% of your daily caffeine allowance, which is significantly lower than most traditional Starbucks beverages. For comparison, a tall Pike Place Roast contains 235 milligrams of caffeine, and a grande Caffè Latte has 150 milligrams. This lower caffeine level appeals to many consumers, especially light caffeine drinkers who prefer refreshing beverages that offer a subtle energy lift without the strong coffee flavor.
This balance makes the Pink Drink a captivating beverage for those who enjoy fruity elements in their drinks. It’s an inclusive option for everyone who loves delightful flavors and seeks a refreshing, fruity drink that provides just the right amount of energy boost.
2. Role of Strawberry Açaí Base
Aside from its pink hue, the Strawberry Açaí base gives the Pink Drink its characteristic flavor, making it a beloved Starbucks creation. This base includes green coffee extract, which provides a gentle energy lift without the roasted coffee bean bitterness. The fruity element of the drink is a tropical explosion of flavors, featuring a delightful combination of strawberries and açaí berries. Pair it with creamy coconut milk, and you’ve got the Pink Drink’s signature light and creamy taste.
The Strawberry Açaí base is not only delicious but also loaded with antioxidants and vitamin C! These main ingredients contribute to the drink’s allure by offering potential health benefits alongside its crisp, refreshing taste. If you’re preparing the Pink Drink at home, consider experimenting with your base! You can use other ingredients like acai powder or strawberry juice to achieve that same sweet flavor while helping to limit the caffeine level.
For those who enjoy the vibrant appearance and fruity flavor, the Pink Drink is truly a worthy beverage. Whether it’s a hot day or a simple Starbucks visit, this refreshing beverage is sure to please. With its combination of strawberry inclusions and açaí, it’s perfect for pink drink enthusiasts looking for a delightful flavor experience.
3. Variations Without Caffeine
If you prefer a caffeine-free option, don’t worry — it’s super easy to customize a Pink Drink without caffeine. It’s just that simple, and anyone can do it! Replace the Strawberry Açaí Refresher base with a mix of strawberry juice and coconut milk. You’ll enjoy an equally delicious taste experience, all caffeine free!
This change will have minimal impact on flavor. In the end, it still manages to embody that creamy, fruity flavor that makes the Pink Drink so popular to begin with. Younger drinkers have been particularly attracted to the caffeine-free trend.
These options lure in consumers looking for a stimulant-free option or a more relaxing drink to wind down their nights. Have fun mixing and matching with ingredients such as herbal teas, fresh fruit purees, or flavored syrups. Taking this approach will ensure your drink tastes fresh and custom-fit to your specific taste preference.
4. Comparing Caffeine Levels to Other Drinks
Below is a comparison of the caffeine content in Pink Drinks and other popular Starbucks beverages:
Beverage | Caffeine (Tall) | Caffeine (Grande) | Caffeine (Venti) | Caffeine (Trenta) |
Pink Drink | 35 mg | 45 mg | 75 mg | 90 mg |
Pike Place Roast | 235 mg | 310 mg | 410 mg | N/A |
Caffè Latte | 75 mg | 150 mg | 225 mg | N/A |
Iced Green Tea | 25 mg | 35 mg | 50 mg | 70 mg |
Iced Coffee | 120 mg | 165 mg | 235 mg | 285 mg |
The Pink Drink’s low caffeine levels make it a great option for consumers looking for a mild stimulant without the intense impact of higher caffeine levels. It’s no wonder—many Starbucks customers order it as a mid-afternoon pick-me-up.
This provides them a way to sidestep the jitteriness and energy crash that is associated with more robust coffee beverages. Its fame is just as clear, with more than 528,000 Instagram images toasting its colorful aesthetic and sweet flavor. The moderate caffeine content fits the popular demand of those who love balance in all things—including their drinks.
Nutritional Breakdown of Pink Drinks
Knowing the nutritional information of Pink Drinks will allow you to choose wisely and make the healthiest decisions for your body. These drinks are built off a Strawberry Acai Refresher base. Then, they blend in coconut milk, freeze-dried strawberries, and ice for a refreshing, creamy, dreamy delight.

Beyond their rainbow hues, their ingredients provide valuable nutritional contributions that are important to explore.
Calorie Overview in Pink Drinks
Depending on the size of your drink, the calorie count of Pink Drinks can vary dramatically. A typical 12 ounce tall serving contains about 110 calories. In comparison, a grande at 16 ounces has only 140 calories, while a venti at 24 ounces provides 200 calories, and a trenta at 30 ounces maxes out at 270 calories. With their refreshing beverage options, Starbucks visits can be guilt-free for calorie-conscious customers.
Relative to other Starbucks beverages, Pink Drinks aren’t that high in calories. For example, a grande Caramel Frappuccino has 380 calories—over twice as many calories as the Pink Drink. This makes the Pink Drink a worthy beverage choice for those who enjoy a fruity drink without the high calorie count.
For people trying to manage their calories, having the calorie content up front is very important. For consumers looking to cut calories, customization is the perfect solution. Here are a few different ways you can customize your drink!
Opt for light coconut milk, cut back on the sweetness, or request no freeze-dried strawberries to make it less decadent. While still not perfect, these small changes can better align this delightful flavor with your personal dietary objectives.
Nutritional Composition of Coconut Milk
Coconut milk is really the key here, and the reason why we’re obsessed with the Pink Drink in the first place. Since it’s plant-based, it’s a good option for anyone trying to avoid dairy. Regular coconut milk is loaded with healthy fats, and vitamins C and E.
Conversely, light coconut milk has less fat and fewer calories, making it a less intense option. Keep in mind, though, that coconut milk can be high in saturated fats. If you’re keeping an eye on how much fat you eat, ordering light coconut milk is an easy way to cut some fat grams.
People with coconut allergies should avoid coconut milk completely and choose other milk substitutes to be safe and comfortable.
Benefits of Freeze-Dried Strawberries
Freeze-dried strawberries are the star ingredient in Pink Drinks. They provide a flavor punch, both tart and fruity, while upping the drink’s Instagrammable aesthetic factor. Nutritionally, strawberries are a great source of vitamin C, fiber and antioxidants, which help support immune health and digestion.
Freeze-drying preserves the fruit’s natural sweetness and nutrients. This approach opens up opportunities to use strawberries in applications outside of drinks. Whether you use freeze-dried fruits to top cereal or to stir into yogurt, they’re convenient, nutritious, and delicious.
Sugar Content and Sweetener Options
Flavor-wise, Pink Drinks are pretty sweet – thanks to the Strawberry Acai Refresher base and coconut milk. That’s right—the sugar content in a grande serving is 24 grams. Though this isn’t bad compared to other drinks, it’s something to be aware of if you’re watching your sugar consumption.
For a better-for-you option, ask for less Refresher base, or swap in sugar-free sweeteners, such as stevia. Sweetness can be balanced with the drink’s inherent tartness and creaminess for a more customized experience.
Even minor changes can have a major impact when it comes to nourishing your body.
Health Aspects of Pink Drinks
When it comes to strawberry açaí pink drinks, knowing their health effects is key to deciding which ones to buy. Factors such as ingredients, caloric content, caffeine levels, or sugar intake can significantly impact consumer frequency. Understanding these nutritional facts is essential for making the healthiest choices possible.
A grande Pink Drink contains only 140 calories, making it a worthy beverage for those seeking a refreshing option. In comparison, a Blended Strawberry Lemonade has 190 calories, while a Strawberries and Cream Frappuccino reaches 370 calories! This makes the Pink Drink a relatively healthier choice for those looking for a flavorful yet less extravagant drink.
Starbucks’ creamy coconut milk, which serves as the base for the Pink Drink, includes added sweeteners and emulsifiers. However, that may not align with all dietary preferences, particularly for vegan customers.
Effects of Caffeine on the Body
The caffeine is what gives the Pink Drink its energizing effects. It’s from the natural green coffee extract found in the Strawberry Açaí Refresher base. It does have 35-90 milligrams of caffeine, depending on the size.
This is less caffeine than your average cup of coffee, making it a great milder pink drink alternative for those with caffeine sensitivities. We know that caffeine can increase energy and improve focus and alertness, making it a go-to ingredient for those looking for a midday pick-me-up.
It’s important to remember that too much caffeine can cause negative effects, such as jitters or feelings of restlessness. For most people, moderate caffeine consumption can improve concentration and offer a mild energy boost. Learning your limits is key because everyone reacts to caffeine differently.
Pros and Cons of Coconut Milk
Coconut milk is what gives the Pink Drink its creamy texture and rich flavor. It’s dairy-free, so it’s a wonderful alternative for those with lactose intolerance or dairy allergies. Starbucks’ coconut milk contains added sweeteners and preservatives.
Unfortunately, this is not a good alternative for those looking for a cleaner ingredient deck. Think about calories, not just calories in pink drinks. Coconut milk may be lighter than cream, but it still adds to the drink’s hefty calorie count.
If you don’t like coconut milk, use almond milk or oat milk instead. Either option will yield a lovely chewy, nutty texture and flavor, offering a great alternative to the usual drink!
Low-Calorie Options for Health-Conscious Drinkers
For people trying to save on calories, there are some easy adjustments to pink drinks. Of course you can reduce the calorie load by opting for skinny or lighter pink drinks.
If you want to make one a little healthier, try asking for less coconut milk or less sweetener! Ingredient choices are important! Try experimenting with unsweetened milk substitutes or avoiding syrups to find a way to enjoy your favorite drink guilt-free.
As consumer interest in low-calorie options continues to grow, these new customizations are a perfect fit for today’s health-conscious beverage market.
General Health Considerations
Making decisions about beverages like the Pink Drink needs to go beyond just thinking about weight. Hydration is a key aspect of overall wellness.
While pink drinks can be a fun treat, they shouldn’t replace water as your primary source of hydration. Enjoyment is possible when you balance indulgence with mindful choices, creating space for joy without undermining health aspirations.
Incorporating pink drinks into a healthy, well-balanced diet can make these a fun treat without going overboard.
How to Make a Homemade Pink Drink

Essential Ingredients for a Homemade Version
To craft a homemade version of the beloved Starbucks creation, the popular pink drink, you’ll need three main ingredients: a Strawberry Acai Refresher base, creamy coconut milk, and ice. To actually make the Strawberry Acai Base, combine 100% strawberry juice and acai powder with your homemade strawberry simple syrup. Savor the pretty pink colors and flavors of this refreshing beverage!
The syrup is simple to make ahead by simmering ripe strawberries with sugar and water. This syrup keeps about a week in the refrigerator, so it’s easy to prepare the syrup and other elements ahead of time for quick assembly later. Fresh ingredients and quality ingredients are big factors to making sure you get the best flavor.
Look for 100% fruit juices with no added sugar. Mix them with unsweetened coconut milk to introduce a hint of sweetness without dominating the overall flavor profile. For an optional twist, add in a handful of freeze-dried strawberries or fresh strawberry slices for a burst of natural flavors. You could even let fresh strawberries simmer in the base for five minutes to amp up the richness of the flavor.
If you want to get adventurous, replace or add ingredients to tailor your drink to your taste. For example, substituting hibiscus tea can give you a flavorful caffeine-free version, or substituting honey for sugar will add a natural sweetener. You can make so many different creations with just a few simple ingredients!
Step-by-Step Guide to Create It
- Combine 1 cup of 100% strawberry juice, 1 teaspoon of acai powder, and 2 tablespoons of strawberry simple syrup in a blender or pitcher. Use a spoon or blender to combine everything together.
- Allow the base to cool in the fridge for a minimum of 10 minutes.
- Add 1 cup of unsweetened coconut milk to the prepared base. Give it a gentle stir to combine.
- Fill a glass with ice cubes, pour the mixture over the ice, and top with freeze-dried or fresh strawberry slices for garnish.
This process couldn’t be easier, and it doesn’t call for any fancy equipment—just a blender, pitcher, or bowl for mixing. If serving a crowd, prepare a double batch earlier in the day. Make sure to store any leftovers in the fridge so it’s ready to serve again, making it a refreshing beverage for your next Starbucks visits!
Tips for Customizing Your Drink
This is where the fun begins: Personalizing your homemade version of the beloved Starbucks creation, the pink drink. Try out different fruit juices to elevate your refreshing beverage. Add a splash of pineapple juice for a tropical twist, or use raspberry syrup for a deliciously tart flavor. Liquid sweeteners such as agave syrup or maple syrup will help you achieve your desired sweetness level.
For a different texture or flavor, swap out the creamy coconut milk for your favorite milk alternative like almond or oat milk. To add extra texture, try blending part of the strawberry base with ice to create a slushy version. This flexibility allows you to customize the drink for any mood or occasion.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Though this drink is easy to whip up, there are a few traps that can ruin your drink experience. Getting the measurements just right is essential, because adding too much syrup or juice will disrupt the flavor balance. If you’re using sweetened or low-quality ingredients, you may end up with an overly sweet drink.
The biggest error I see is not allowing the base to cool completely before combining it with the milk. This would result in a watery drink, or a mixed drink without the pink separation. Additionally, avoiding the step where you simmer fresh strawberries in the base results in a pretty muted strawberry flavor.
Every failure is an opportunity to adjust your recipe and produce a masterpiece next time around.
Tips for a Perfect Pink Drink Experience

Enhancing the Overall Enjoyment of Pink Drinks
For me, drinking a Pink Drink is more than just enjoying a refreshing beverage—it’s about making it a moment. The best way to take this experience up a notch is to adjust it to your taste. For example, you can request your barista use half the normal amount of the Strawberry Açaí Refresher base. This adjustment in the amount of café makes each sip less robust while still leaving a pleasantly tasty alternative—the flavor is more subtle, lighter, and more refreshing.
Personally at home, I simmer the strawberry puree for five minutes. After that, I cool it down a lot to bring out the fruity element even more. You can easily experiment with sweetness levels! Just add simple syrup, and it will keep for up to a month in your refrigerator.
Serving temperature is an important consideration here, too. A perfectly chilled Pink Drink is one that the ice hasn’t begun to melt and dilute the flavor. If you’re having it at home, use frozen strawberries as ice cubes. They’ll help keep your drink cool and give it an added burst of flavor!
Of course, how it’s presented is just as important. A fun, transparent glass really allows you to appreciate that delicious pink color, which, if we’re being real, is half the fun. Instagram users have turned Starbucks’ Pink Drink into an Instagrammable social media phenomenon. In fact, 70% of them said that when they see it online, that makes them more likely to want to try it!
Ambiance can ruin or elevate the experience as well. Consider your environment and the way you’re drinking your beverage. Choose your favorite nook at home or the sunniest spot at the park. These configurations will ensure you don’t miss a single time, every time you experience the perfect pink drink moment.
Reading a book to discover what makes a perfect Pink Drink? The Pink Drink’s moderate caffeine level, ranging from about 35 to 90 milligrams depending on the size, offers just enough energy without the overwhelming jolt of coffee, making it perfect for a relaxed afternoon.
Balancing Calories and Exercise
Compared to many other menu options, the Pink Drink provides a relatively lighter, more calorie-friendly option. That said, it’s always a good idea to keep an eye on calories. For an active person like me, balance is everything.
Don’t worry, the Pink Drink’s calories are a cinch to counterbalance once you add a few short exercises into your routine! Even a short walk or yoga practice of 20 minutes or less can do the trick. As always, moderation is key, particularly if you’re enjoying other special treats.
When you are conscious about your lifestyle, you can consume the drink and feel no guilt whatsoever. If you’re watching calories closely, you may like to stick to a smaller size. Pro tip: You can make your drink even healthier by asking for less sweeteners.
Enhancing Flavor with Additions
The other great thing about the Pink Drink is how customizable it is. Once you have the basics down, you can really let your creativity run wild with add-ins to personalize the drink.
I like to add a splash of coconut milk for a little bit of creaminess. Occasionally, I’ll add a splash of vanilla syrup to sweeten the deal. Pungent herbs such as mint and basil give your food a flavorful pop. For chillier days, try adding a dash of cinnamon or nutmeg for a warm, comforting spice.
Using seasonal ingredients such as fresh berries or edible flowers helps to ensure the drink is always feeling fresh and new. Mixing and matching these things is super fun! You’re sure to find new combinations that will become your new favorite!
Storage and Serving Suggestions
If you’re preparing the Pink Drink at home, your storage methods will affect how fresh your drink tastes. I keep the made pink drink base in an airtight container in the fridge. To get the best flavor, I try to use it within two days of making it.
When you serve it up, it improves the experience to use chilled glasses, or add special touches like sliced fruit for decoration. If you’re making your new creation to share with friends or family, presentation will be important too.
Not only does a well-crafted Pink Drink taste better, but it will turn into an instant conversation piece! Sharing these moments with our community members has made every sip of joy that much sweeter.
Conclusion
Pink drinks are an especially trendy way to enjoy a colorful and delicious drink. Plus, they provide a delicious, fruity flavor that really quenches your thirst. With a twist of creaminess, they’re the perfect refreshing treat any time of day! The caffeine content is moderate, providing the subtle boost that you desire without the excess. You can tailor the ingredients to your taste! This is ideal if you’re looking to cut back on sugar or looking for non-dairy options!
It’s super simple to make your own at home and dial in every single detail. You save money by enjoying a drink that reflects your own taste. There’s nothing that says summer like sipping on a pink drink from your favorite coffee shop. You can make your own version at home for a healthier, delicious treat! Experiment with it and see how it works into your schedule!
Frequently Asked Questions
Caffeinated Popular coffee chain Pink Drinks, including Starbucks Pink Drinks, are caffeinated. These beverages are typically made with an iced tea or refreshers base.
They have green coffee extract, which is a natural source of caffeine.
A 16-ounce (Grande) Starbucks Pink Drink, a delightful fruity drink, contains approximately 45mg of caffeine, significantly lower than the typical 95 milligrams found in a regular iced coffee.
Yes, you can even order a caffeine-free Pink Drink. Just ask the barista to use a caffeine-free option, such as decaffeinated tea or juice, as the base for this refreshing beverage.
The caffeine in Pink Drinks is natural, derived from green coffee extract made from unroasted coffee beans, making it a refreshing beverage for Starbucks enthusiasts.
Pink Drinks containing caffeine are not appropriate for young children.
That said, you can order a caffeine-free version, which is what makes it a better choice for kids.
Pink drinks with caffeine can give you a subtle energy boost.
The caffeine dosage is a little lower than a standard cup of coffee, which means the effect is a little less strong, although still noticeable for most people.
Pink Drinks are lower in caffeine but usually have a lot of added sugars.
If you’re keeping an eye on sugar, ask for less or no sweetener if you order one.
Coffee, though, is naturally sugar-free when drunk black.